Frequency, Timing and Costs of Intraspecific Nest Parasitism in the Common Eider

摘要

Intraspecific nest parasitism was studied in the Hudson Bay race of the Common Eider (Somateria mollissima sedentaria), near Churchill, Manitoba (58 24'N, 94 24'W). Nest parasitism was detected by three methods: (1) multiple eggs laid in the same nest ona single day, (2) eggs laid before or after the host's clutch was laid, and (3) large within clutchvariances in egg size and color. It was determined that 42.4% (n = 153) of completedclutches were parasitized. Parasitic eggs were laid significantly earlier in the host's layingsequence than expected by chance: 65% of parasitic eggs were laid on the first two days oflaying. Number of parasitic eggs laid, as a proportion of all eggs, did not change significantlythroughout the laying period. The probability of parasitic and host eggs hatching was notsignificantly different from that in unparasitized nests. Hosts did not reduce their clutch sizein response to parasitism, when data were controlled for initiation date, nor did they hatchany fewer of their own young for a given clutch size than unparasitized nests. Parasitizednests were found in areas with higher densities (number of neighbors within 10 m) atinitiation. Parasitism in this species does not appear to be a salvage strategy and may bepart of a mixed or conditional strategy.